Technology is a broad term encompassing both the tools and processes used to manipulate the environment. It concerns itself with the way that knowledge is creatively applied to organised tasks involving people and machines in order to meet sustainable goals. It is not only useful to understand this concept for those who research, develop and implement new technologies but also for those that have to make use of them in their everyday lives.
Among the many definitions of technology that are available, one which has been proposed by anthropologists is that technologies ‘intervene on scales’: a technological tool (a designed, material means to an end) operates at a level between the end and the user. Thus, for example, an automobile is a technological device which allows its driver to cover distances that would be inconvenient to walk. This intervening power is at work in the sublime of planetary science but is also evident in the mundane of changing gear while driving, or brushing teeth.
A further feature of all technologies is that their development is a process. It is rarely the case that an invention translates directly into a finished product, as this would usually require extensive testing and refinement. Even apparently promising early technologies often stall midway through their development, a phenomenon known as the ‘death valley’ that requires sustained efforts to overcome.
Finally, it is important to remember that the human element remains central to all technology. While technological discoveries and achievements are impressive, they cannot take place without the curiosity and foresight of humans. Moreover, the act of tool-making is an intrinsic part of our human nature, and this drives both the discovery and application of technology.